Chapter 10: The ‘Integration’ of People of Dutch Descent in Superdiverse Neighbourhoods.  pp. 191
Maurice Crul and Frans Lelie

Chapter 12: Conclusions: Coming to Terms with Superdiversity? pp. 225
Maurice Crul, Peter Scholten, and Paul van de Laar

Most educational research examines school outcomes at certain stages or at the final stage of the school career. This article looks at the entire school career and the transition to the labour market. It focuses on key transitions to identify the educational institutional arrangements that either help or hinder school and labour market success among the most disadvantaged groups in the Netherlands: young people of Moroccan and Turkish descent. The Dutch educational system is one of the most complicated school systems in Europe. Consequently, parents and children have to make many ‘choices’ when navigating it. Many of these key ‘choice’ moments are selection points, either because they are not real choices but dependent upon a teacher’s recommendation or because parents and pupils need a great deal of information about the school system in order to make a choice. This usually results in inequalities for the most disadvantaged groups. Because selection is disguised as ‘choices’, the structural inequalities of the Dutch school system are not usually perceived as blocking mechanisms for disadvantaged students.

Also available in open access: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12310

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/

We introduce what we have coined the multiplier effect. We explain the steep upward mobility of children of low-educated immigrants by studying how they overcome obstacles on their regular pathway, via alternative routes or through loopholes in the education and labour market system. The idea of the multiplier effect is that they virtually propel themselves forward in their careers. Essential is that each successful step forward offers new possibilities on which they build, thereby accumulating cultural and social capital and multiplying their chances of success. Initial small differences with their less successful co-ethnic peers generate an increasingly wider gap over time. Cultural and social capital theories primarily explain the reproduction of inequalities in society. The multiplier effect explains the breaking of the perpetual cycle of this reproduction, enabling steep upward mobility even when this group does not initially possess the right cultural and social capital to be successful.

Also in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/

The European-born children of immigrants, often referred to as the second generation, play an important role in the academic debate about integration and assimilation. The successful second generation, defined in terms of possessing a higher education diploma and or professional position, receives increasing attention. In this special issue, we will look at the most successful group: the upcoming "elite" among the descendants of migrants from Turkey,
based on data gathered in the ELITES, Pathways to Success project. In this research project we deliberately selected on the dependent variable: being professionally successful in managerial jobs in the corporate business sector, the corporate law sector and the education sector. 

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/

This article looks at professionals in the education sector in Sweden, France and the Netherlands, whose parents were born in Turkey. In their stories, ethnic school segregation appears as an important topic that coincides with other inequalities in society and signals educational injustice. This so-called wicked problem is used to understand how second-generation professionals assert influence in their quest for educational change.

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/

Through in-depth interviews with upwardly mobile professionals in leading positions, the article presents evidence from four countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden). Respondents reflect on their professional career as a process constituted through personal interactions while displaying their perceptions of restrictive national conditions that affect their professional success in this field.

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/

This article is based on narratives of successful lawyers in Europe who are descendants of migrants from Turkey who participated in the ELITES project. Rezai discussses the main mechanisms
whereby social actors have a significant impact on the professional pathways of these upwardly mobile professionals.

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com

Children of immigrants nowadays no longer integrate into the majority group, but into a large amalgam of ethnic groups. Next to the diversification of ethnic groups, we see diversification within ethnic groups in the second and third generations. Crul focuses on intergenerational social mobility patterns given that they are key to existing grand theories of assimilation. He argues that super-diversity theory can only partially build an alternative theoretical perspective and that we also need to borrow from the intersectional approach and the integration context theory.

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1061425

This article analyses network organizations founded by descendants of Turkish migrants in the Netherlands and France. Vermeulen & Keskiner conclude that ethnicity is not the main element in the successful second generation's organizing process. Factors such as educational trajectories, professional ambitions, feelings of responsibility for other members and newly acquired socioeconomic status are the main reasons for this group to organize.

Also available in Open Access: http://www.tandfonline.com/

Journal of Comparative Migration Studies (3) 2, edited by Rosita Fibbi, Maurice Crul, and Philipp Schnell 

This special issue brings together five comparative papers studying involvement practices in immigrant families and its links to educational success and upward mobility by their children. The contributions describe various ways of family involvement, highlight reasons for it in familial discourse and explain how it effects educational upward mobility. Taken together, they disentangle common processes and similarities for children of immigrants across different countries. 

Read all articles here: www.comparativemigrationstudies.com/series/FI

This article, based on interviews from the Dutch Pathways to Success Project, investigates how Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch second-generation professionals in leadership positions experience and deal with subtle discrimination at work. We argue that subtle discrimination in organizations remains a reality for second-generation professionals in leadership positions.

Also available as free download in Social Inclusion

in New Diversities Volume 16, No. 1, 2014 - Social Mobility and Identity Formation

In what ways do the highly educated second generation of Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands deal with the increasingly impermeable, bright boundaries in various fields in Dutch society, including the labour market? We find evidence that these individuals employ a strategy of sameness and difference throughout their careers to deal with societal and work-related boundaries. Their emphasis on professional sameness opens up ways to relate to and instil confidence among colleagues with a background of native parentage. They avoid giving up parts of their identity through assimilation by keeping their differences in place where it matters most to them. This juggling of sameness and difference seems to be an individual and situational balancing act, based on an awareness that boundaries exist, and a sensitivity towards dealing with them. 

in New Diversities Volume 16, No. 1, 2014 - Social Mobility and Identity Formation

Social mobility literature widely assumes that socially upward mobile individuals 'alienate' from their 'milieu of origin' while adopting the patterns of acting and thinking of the 'new milieu'. The most frequent underlying concepts are the 'habitus transformation' or even the 'habitus cleft', which presume that the acquisition of a new habitus necessarily involves moving away from the previous one. This article presents three contrasting case studies from a research project among socially upward mobile individuals of Turkish background in Germany to show that the static juxtaposition of 'either ... or' is too narrow. Most respondents maintain intensive relations with family and friends from their 'milieu of origin', while at the same time 'assimilating' to the expected habitus in their professional environments and high-ranking positions. This article suggests borrowing elements from Identity Theory – especially concepts such as hybridity and multiplicity – to show that transformations in individual habitus do not necessarily go along with relevant levels of 'alienation' in neither direction. As a consequence, the authors propose 'habitus diversification' as a more promising concept for including frequent bridging strategies and the active switching between 'habitual' codes and languages.

While researchers have often studied descendants of migrants in terms of their educationaland occupational shortcomings, there is a lack of studies on an emerging group of professionals with exceptional achievements. Drawing on data collected through semi-structured, in-depthinterviews in Frankfurt am Main, Paris and Stockholm with business professionals whoseparents migrated from Turkey, this article explores how they present their stories within theframework of struggle and success, while they try to avoid victimization.